BEST PRACTICES FOR GAUGING EVIDENCE OF CAUSALITY IN AIR POLLUTION EPIDEMIOLOGY.

3 years ago

BEST PRACTICES FOR GAUGING EVIDENCE OF CAUSALITY IN AIR POLLUTION EPIDEMIOLOGY.

Zigler, Dominici

The contentious political climate surrounding air pollution regulations has brought some researchers and policy makers to argue that evidence of causality is necessary for more stringent regulations. Recently, an increasing number of air pollution studies purport the use of "causal analysis," generating the impression that studies not explicitly labeled as such are merely "associational" and therefore less rigorous. Using three prominent air pollution studies as examples, we review good practices for how to critically evaluate the extent to which an air pollution study provides evidence of causality. We argue that evidence of causality should be gauged by a critical evaluation of design decisions such as: a) what actions or exposure levels are being compared; b) whether an adequate comparison group was constructed and; c) how closely these design decisions approximate an idealized randomized study. We argue that air pollution studies that are more scientifically rigorous in terms of the decisions made to approximate a randomized experiment are more likely to provide evidence of causality and should be prioritized among the body of evidence for regulatory review accordingly. Our considerations, although presented in the context of air pollution epidemiology, can be broadly applied to other fields of epidemiology.

Publisher URL: http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx307

DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx307