Thermal refugia against coral bleaching throughout the northern Red Sea

3 years ago

Thermal refugia against coral bleaching throughout the northern Red Sea

Eslam O. Osman, David J. Smith, Constanze Conrad, David J. Suggett, Christian R. Voolstra, Khaled M. El-Haddad, Maren Ziegler, Benjamin Kürten

Tropical reefs have been impacted by thermal anomalies caused by global warming that induced coral bleaching and mortality events globally. However, there have only been very few recordings of bleaching within the Red Sea despite covering a latitudinal range of 15° and consequently it has been considered a region that is less sensitive to thermal anomalies. We therefore examined historical patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) and associated anomalies (1982–2012) and compared warming trends with a unique compilation of corresponding coral bleaching records from throughout the region. These data indicated that the northern Red Sea has not experienced mass bleaching despite intensive Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) of >15°C-weeks. Severe bleaching was restricted to the central and southern Red Sea where DHWs have been more frequent, but far less intense (DHWs <4°C-weeks). A similar pattern was observed during the 2015–2016 El Niño event during which time corals in the northern Red Sea did not bleach despite high thermal stress (i.e. DHWs >8°C-weeks), and bleaching was restricted to the central and southern Red Sea despite the lower thermal stress (DHWs < 8°C-weeks). Heat stress assays carried out in the northern (Hurghada) and central (Thuwal) Red Sea on four key reef-building species confirmed different regional thermal susceptibility, and that central Red Sea corals are more sensitive to thermal anomalies as compared to those from the north. Together, our data demonstrate that corals in the northern Red Sea have a much higher heat tolerance than their prevailing temperature regime would suggest. In contrast, corals from the central Red Sea are close to their thermal limits, which closely match the maximum annual water temperatures. The northern Red Sea harbours reef-building corals that live well below their bleaching thresholds and thus we propose that the region represents a thermal refuge of global importance. (1) Tropical reefs have been impacted by thermal anomalies that have induced coral bleaching; however, there are only few recordings of bleaching across the Red Sea. (2) Historical and contemporary mass bleaching appears to be restricted to the central and southern Red Sea, and the northern region remains bleaching-free despite experiencing intensive thermal anomalies. (3) Heat stress experiments demonstrated that corals in the north are thermally tolerant and exist within a region where ambient and anomalous temperatures are lower than their physiological thermal maximum and we therefore propose that the northern region is thermal refugia with global significance.

Publisher URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi

DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13895