Advanced Materials
Advanced Materials
5 years ago

Indium-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Impermeable Tin-Oxide Electron Extraction Layers

Indium-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Impermeable Tin-Oxide Electron Extraction Layers
Selina Olthof, Kai Oliver Brinkmann, Neda Pourdavoud, Yiwang Chen, Ralf Heiderhoff, Jie Zhao, Thomas Riedl, Tobias Gahlmann, Baochang Cheng, Tim Becker, Ting Hu, Daniel Többens, Zengqi Huang, Klaus Meerholz
Corrosive precursors used for the preparation of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite photoactive layers prevent the application of ultrathin metal layers as semitransparent bottom electrodes in perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). This study introduces tin-oxide (SnOx) grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD), whose outstanding permeation barrier properties enable the design of an indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-free semitransparent bottom electrode (SnOx/Ag or Cu/SnOx), in which the metal is efficiently protected against corrosion. Simultaneously, SnOx functions as an electron extraction layer. We unravel the spontaneous formation of a PbI2 interfacial layer between SnOx and the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. An interface dipole between SnOx and this PbI2 layer is found, which depends on the oxidant (water, ozone, or oxygen plasma) used for the ALD growth of SnOx. An electron extraction barrier between perovskite and PbI2 is identified, which is the lowest in devices based on SnOx grown with ozone. The resulting PVSCs are hysteresis-free with a stable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.3% and a remarkably high open circuit voltage of 1.17 V. The ITO-free analogues still achieve a high PCE of 11%. Corrosive precursors used to prepare organo-metal-halide perovskite photoactive layers usually prevent the application of ultrathin metal layers in semitransparent bottom electrodes. A tin-oxide/metal/tin-oxide electrode is introduced, where the ultrathin metal layer is shielded by impermeable tin-oxide (SnOx) grown by atomic layer deposition. The SnOx concomitantly functions as an electron extraction layer that affords a high open-circuit voltage of 1.17 V.

Publisher URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi

DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606656

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