Stable and efficient time integration at low capillary numbers of a dynamic pore network model for immiscible two-phase flow in porous media.

We study three different time integration methods for a pore network model for immiscible two-phase flow in porous media. Considered are two explicit methods, the forward Euler and midpoint methods, and a new semi-implicit method developed herein. The explicit methods are known to suffer from numerical instabilities at low capillary numbers. A new time-step criterion is suggested in order to stabilize them, and numerical experiments are performed demonstrating that stabilization is achieved. A performance analysis reveals that the semi-implicit method is able to perform stable simulations with much less computational effort than the explicit methods at low capillary numbers. The relative benefit of using the semi-implicit method increases with decreasing capillary number $\text{Ca}$, and at $\text{Ca} \sim 10^{-8}$ the computational time needed is reduced by three orders of magnitude. This increased efficiency enables simulations in the low capillary number regime that are unfeasible with explicit methods and the range of capillary numbers for which the pore network model is a tractable modeling alternative is thus greatly extended by the semi-implicit method.