Lattice-induced photon scattering in an optical lattice clock.

We investigate scattering of lattice laser radiation in a strontium optical lattice clock and its implications for operating clocks at interrogation times up to several ten seconds. Rayleigh scattering does not cause significant decoherence of the atomic superposition state near a magic wavelength. Among the Raman scattering processes, lattice-induced decay of the excited state $(5s5p)\,{}^{3}\mathrm{P}_{0}$ to the ground state $(5s^2)\,{}^{1}\mathrm{S}_{0}$ via the state $(5s5p)\,{}^{3}\mathrm{P}_{1}$ is particularly relevant, as it reduces the effective lifetime of the excited state and gives rise to quantum projection noise in spectroscopy. We observe this process in our experiment and find a decay rate of $556(15)\times 10^{-6}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ per photon recoil energy $E_\mathrm{r}$ of effective lattice depth, which agrees well with the rate we predict from atomic data. We also derive a natural lifetime $\tau = 330(140)\,\mathrm{s}$ of the excited state ${}^{3}\mathrm{P}_{0}$ from our observations. Lattice-induced decay thus exceeds spontaneous decay at typical lattice depths used by present clocks. It eventually limits interrogation times in clocks restricted to high-intensity lattices, but can be largely avoided, e.g., by operating them with shallow lattice potentials.