Ke Yu, Yang Hu, Jian-Song Sun, Jing-Jing Sui, De-Yong Liu, Lei Liu, Li-Li Shi, Bin Xiong
A novel alkyne-activation-based glycosylation protocol using o-(p-methoxyphenylethynyl)phenyl (MPEP) glycoside was established. The glycosyl MPEP donors were shelf-stable and could be prepared efficiently via Sonogashira reaction from the corresponding o-iodophenyl (IP) glycosides. The outstanding stability of IP glycosides as well as their efficient transformations to MPEP glycosides dramatically facilitates the syntheses of MPEP glycosyl donors and IP glycosyl acceptors. Furthermore, they make the MPEP glycosylation protocol applicable to the latent-active oligosaccharide and glycoconjugate synthetic strategy, with IP glycosides as the latent form and MPEP glycosides as the active form, as illustrated by the highly efficient fabrication of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 trisaccharide. The phenolic glycoside nature of MPEP glycosides bestows on the new glycosyl donors enhanced stability compared to their thioglycoside counterparts toward activation conditions applied for glycosyl trichloroacetimidate (TCAI) and o-alkynylbenzoate (ABz) donor. Thus, MPEPs can also be utilized in the selective one-pot glycosylation strategy, as exemplified by the syntheses of oligosaccharides via successive glycosylations with glycosyl TCAI, ABz, and EPMP as donors. Despite sharing identical promotion conditions with thioglycoside donors, the odor-free starting material (IP), the stable departure structure of the leaving group (3-iodobenzofuran), and the decreased nucleophilicity of the o-MPEP glycoside help to eliminate the three major shortcomings of the thioglycoside donors (unpleasant odor of starting material, detrimental interference of the cleaved leaving group, and aglycon intra- or intermolecular migration) while maintaining the prominent features of the thioglycoside methodology, including the broad substrate scopes, the mild promotion conditions, the stability of glycosyl donors, and the versatile applications in existing glycoside synthesis strategies. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism for MPEP activation was proposed, which was supported by systematic mechanistic investigations, including trapping of active intermediates, design of a vital disarmed rhamnosyl donor, and isolation and characterization of the departure species of the leaving group.
