Śaivistic Sāṁkhya-Yoga: Revisiting the Eclectic Behaviour of the Balinese Hindu Textual Tradition

The Old Javanese (OJ) terms expounding the tenets of Śaivism found in Bali may be traced to those of Indian Śaivism. Most of those terms are found in OJ texts that have been traditionally handed down in Bali for generations. Many such religious texts show a hybrid character. This tradition of hybridization is still documented in a modern authoritative book of Śaivism in Balinese entitled Aji Sangkya (AS), compiled in 1947 by Ida Ketut Djelantik. In the introduction, the author mentions Igama Siwa while promoting teachings about the existence of Ida Saṅ Hyaṅ Vidhi and His bliss for creating the universe and everything within it, including humans (Djelantik, 1947:1). In this sense, Djelantik made an effort to attribute an equal position to both "traditional" Śaiva theology and reformed Hinduism within the frame of the Balinese religion. Meanwhile, by its very title, the AS is affirmatively related to Sāṁkhya, an ancient Indian dualistic philosophical school, as well as Yoga. The AS as...