5 years ago

The rise of glyphosate and new opportunities for biosentinel early-warning studies

Zoe Kissane, Jill M. Shephard
Glyphosate has become the most commonly used herbicide worldwide and is reputedly environmentally benign, nontoxic, and safe for use near wildlife and humans. However, studies indicate its toxicity is underestimated and its persistence in the environment is greater than once thought. Its actions as a neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor indicate its potential to act in similar ways to persistent organic pollutants such as the organochlorines dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dioxin. Exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides for both wildlife and people is likely to be chronic and at sublethal levels, with multiple and ongoing exposure events occurring in urban and agricultural landscapes. Despite this, there has been little research on the impact of glyphosate on wildlife populations, and existing studies appear in the agricultural, toxicology, and water-chemistry literature that may have limited visibility among wildlife biologists. These studies clearly demonstrate a link between chronic exposure and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, cell damage, and immune suppression. There is a strong case for the recognition of glyphosate as an emerging organic contaminant and substantial potential exists for collaborative research among ecologists, toxicologists, and chemists to quantify the impact of glyphosate on wildlife and to evaluate the role of biosentinel species in a preemptive move to mitigate downstream impacts on people. There is scope to develop a decision framework to aid the choice of species to biomonitor and analysis methods based on the target contaminant, spatial and temporal extent of contamination, and perceived risk. Birds in particular offer considerable potential in this role because they span agricultural and urban environments, coastal, inland, and wetland ecosystems where glyphosate residues are known to be present. El Aumento de los Glifosfatos y las Nuevas Oportunidades para Estudios de Alerta Temprana de Biosentinelas Resumen El glifosfato se ha vuelto el herbicida de uso más común a nivel mundial y tiene la reputación de ser ambientalmente benigno y no-tóxico y de uso seguro cerca de los humanos y la vida silvestre. Sin embargo, hay estudios que indican que su toxicidad está subestimada y su persistencia en el ambiente es mayor a lo que se creía. Su acción como neurotoxina e interruptor endócrino indica su potencial para actuar de maneras similares a los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes como las organoclorinas diclorodifeniltricloroetano (DDT) y dioxina. La exposición al glifosfato y a los herbicidas con base de glifosfato, tanto para las personas como para la vida silvestre, probablemente sea crónica y a niveles subletaltes, con eventos de exposición múltiples y continuos sucediendo en paisajes urbanos y agrícolas. A pesar de esto, ha habido poca investigación sobre el impacto del glifosfato sobre las poblaciones silvestres y los estudios existentes aparecen en la literatura sobre agricultura, toxicología y química del agua, la cual puede tener una exposición limitada entre los biólogos de vida silvestre. Estos estudios claramente demuestran una conexión entre la exposición crónica y la neurotoxicidad, interrupción endócrina, daño celular, y represión inmune. Existe un caso fuerte para el reconocimiento del glifosfato como un contaminante orgánico emergente y existe potencial sustancial para la investigación colaborativa entre los ecólogos, toxicólogos y químicos para cuantificar el impacto del glifosfato sobre la vida silvestre, y para evaluar el papel de las especies biosentinelas como acción preventiva para mitigar los impactos colaterales sobre las personas. Existe un enfoque para desarrollar un marco de trabajo de decisiones para apoyar la elección de las especies para biomonitorear y los métodos de análisis basados en el contaminante objetivo, la extensión temporal y espacial de la contaminación, y el riesgo percibido. Las aves en particular ofrecen un potencial considerable para este papel porque abarcan ambientes agrícolas y urbanos, así como ecosistemas costeros, tierra dentro y en humedales en donde se sabe que los residuos de los glifosfatos están presentes.

Publisher URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi

DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12955

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