Pest Management Science
Pest Management Science
4 years ago

Protective effects of egg stalk of Paratrioza sinica (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) at various angles and spacing against three predaceous coccinellids, Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata and Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Jing Xu, Runzhi Zhang, Jia He, Shuo Yan, Baoxu Ma, Pengxiang Wu, Rong Zhang
BACKGROUND Paratrioza sinica, is a major pest of wolfberries. Coccinellids could effectively control various developmental stages of P. sinica damage except the stalked egg. To analyze the protective role of egg stalks against predaceous coccinellids, Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata and Hippodamia variegata, we studied the functional responses and effects of two potential factors: the angle between egg stalk and leaf plane, and the spacing between egg stalks. RESULTS The searching rate, handling time and theoretical maximum egg consumption of H. variegata was optimal among 3 ladybug species. The egg consumption by coccinellids were maximum and minimum at 0° and 90°, respectively. Average reduction rates from 0° to 90° of egg consumed by larvae of coccinellids and H. variegata were significantly lower compared to adults and other 2 species, respectively. Optimal spacing of egg consumption varied with different predator species and their developmental stages, which were nearly close to the body lengths of predators. CONCLUSION Egg stalk was served as a physical protection against the predators. Selective advantage of egg stalk is a facilitator in protection against predators during evolution, which needs more attention. Reasonable selection of predator and irrigation strategy may exhibit positive control performance.

Publisher URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi

DOI: 10.1002/ps.4713

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